(below details are copy-pasted from Microsoft forum)

POST 1:

Some of our users’ outlook stop sync with exchange and ask for password, as shown in below image:

But when we press the “Need Password” button, nothing happens. there is no prompt.

to fix the issue, I clear entries in Credential Manager, Delete Temporary Files, unchecked “Use Cached Exchange mode”, restart system and check this again.

POST 2: (Confirmed accepted answer)

There are a number of reasons for this. First I would look inside the Office 365 admin portal to make sure your password expiration policy is not set to only a few days

If this is ok, setting the below registry key to 1 in below path often resolves it

Path: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Office\16.0\Common\Identity
Key: DisableADALatopWAMOverride (DWORD)

This key may not exist, we need to create it.